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Possibility of further use of elderberry marc
Sedláčková, Lucie ; Pořízka, Jaromír (referee) ; Vespalcová, Milena (advisor)
This Diploma thesis talks about the production of concentrates and lyophilisate from the extract of elderberry moldlings (elderberry, Sambuvus nigra L.) and by determination by chosen chemical characteristics of these products. The theoretical part includes the botanical characteristics of the plant species Sambucus nigra L. Next is the part that is dedicated to biologicaly active substances found in elderberry and it‘s possible usage in the food industry. Next is the part where the extraction, purification and indentification of anthocyanic dyes are described. In the next part is the analyrical method HPLC described, including the description of instrumentation. The last part talks about the description of the used methods: methods for the concentration of the extract, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, determination of phenolic compounds, determination of dry matter, determination of active acidity and the overall titrating acidity. The experimental part contained the optimalization of the process of producing the extract from elderberry moldings. The extract obtained was then concentrated for preservation and characterization purposes based on selected chemical properties. The total content of anthocyanin dyes was chosen as a quality parameter. The most suitable process for the preparation of the extract was chosen to be the ratio of moldings and solvent 1:2, 4 (m/V). The most suitable solvent was chosen to be a mixture of water and ethanol in a ratio of 1:1 (V/V). According to the needs of the submitter, an extract with the use of water as the extraction agent is also provided. The prepared extract was then concentrated on a vacuum evaporator or lyophilized for storage purposes. The dye degradation while using the evaporator was the lowest in a 40 ° C water bath. The final products were characterized by the determination of soluble solids, pH, titration acidity, total phenolic compounds and total anthocyanin dyes. The anthocyanin pigments contained identified by liquid chromatography are: cyanidine-3-sambubioside, cyanidine-3-glucoside, cyanidine-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, and cyanidine-3,5-diglucoside The total content of anthocyanins in the concentrate was determined to be equivalent to cyanidine-3-glucoside at 2.8 gl-1 and in the lyophilisate 2.5 gl-1.
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Study of extraction of the biologically active substances from elderberry marc
Lošková, Tereza ; Diviš, Pavel (referee) ; Vespalcová, Milena (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the determining of anthocyanin pigments in the extracts of elderberry marc (Sambucus nigra L.). The theoretical part is divided into four main chapters. In the first chapter there is botanical characteristics of elderberry, its origin and occurrence, chemical composition and the possibilities of usage in a food industry. The second part is devoted to characterization of phenolic compounds in berry fruits. Bigger attention is given to anthocyanin dyes, its occurrence, properties, health and antioxidant effects and the possibilities of usage in food industry. The third chapter is devoted to methods of determination of discussed dyes and phenolic compounds. The fourth chapter deals with the possibilities of disruption of plant cell walls. In the experimental part a series of elderberry marc's extraction was made. The purpose was to optimize the extraction course and to get the highest yield of dyes in an economically and operationally acceptable way. Time dependence of extractions was studied and a kind of extraction solvent and a ratio of its components were optimized. Distilled water or its mixture with ethanol was used as a solvent. During the water extraction the temperatures 25 °C and 50 °C were maintained and with the higher temperature the higher yields were obtained. Apart from this another supporting components as cellulolytic enzyme, ultrasound or shaker were used. The most effective method of extraction proved to be the extraction by the mixture water-ethanol (50:50) in the volume 80 mL. The total anthocyanins yield of this extraction was, expressed as cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent, 914,4 ± 3,8 mg100 g-1 dry weight after 10 hours and the total phenolics yield was, expressed as gallic acid equivalent, 1957,0 ± 9,9 mg100 g-1 dry weight at the same time. The usage of ultrasound increased the efficiency of the extraction by water at 50 °C by 12 %. On the contrary, the usage of cellulolytic enzyme didn't increase the anthocyanin yield, because the enzyme was inactive.
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Anthocyan pigments in selected fruits
Peprná, Tereza ; Vítová, Eva (referee) ; Vespalcová, Milena (advisor)
This diploma thesis is concerned with determination anthocyanins dyes in elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). In theoretical part there is described general characterization of the plant, its chemical composition, short view of elderberry breeding and possibilities of usage in food and medical industry. Bigger attention is paid to anthocyanins dyes. There is described their characterization, occurrence, factors that have an impact on their stability. Biosynhesis of the pigments and metabolism, benefit effects and their usage in food chemistry are then shortly sumarized. Methods of determination of anthocyanins are discused too. Next chapter deals with high performance liquid chromatography. At the end of theoretical part, there is sumarized findings of anthocyan dyes analysis by expert scientists in various matrix. In experimental part, total of 16 species of elderberry were analyzed. These species are from research and breeding institute of pomology in Holovousy. The dyes were identification and quantification by high performace liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector. Detection wavelenght was 520 nm. Gradient of mobile phase was optimilized because of shortening analyses time and resolution improvement. Four dyes were identified by HPLC: cyanidin-3-sambubioside, cyanidin-3-glukoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglukoside a cyanidin-3-sambubioside-5-glukoside. Total amount of anthocyanins ranged from 33627167,0 to 5525284,0 mAU•min-1. The most anthocyanins dyes were determined in Mammut species (33627167,0 mAU•min-1), the lowest amount was measured in Aurea species (5525284,0 mAU•min-1). The most abundant anthocyanin in all species of eldeberry fruit except Haschebrg and Aurea species was cyanidin-3-sambubioside. The concentrations of cynidin-3-glucoside in all of the berries were quantified using regression equation of calibration curve. Mammut species had the most amount of this anthocyan (0,486 mg•ml-1) and the lowest amount had Aurea species (0,033 mg•ml-1).
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Bioactive substances contained in elderberry pomace
Šimšová, Veronika ; Diviš, Pavel (referee) ; Vespalcová, Milena (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the determination of selected chemical characteristics in the elderberry juice, compote and in the extracts of elderberry marc. The theoretical part describes the botanical characteristics of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) including its occurrence, the possibility of utilization of individual parts of the plant in the food industry and in the healing therapies and chemical composition of the berries. The biggest attention is given to the bioactive compounds contained in these fruits. The second chapter deals with the dry matter and the methods of its determination. The last chapter of the theoretical part describes vitamin C, its importance for the human organism and manual methods for determination of vitamin C. Among the selected chemical characteristics, set out in the experimental part, was the determination of reducing sugars by gravimetric method and Berthrand method, titratable acids, total anthocyanins by pH-differential method, total phenolic compounds by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and determination of the dry matter by drying and refractometric method. Analyzes have proven that extracts made of elderberry marc under suitable conditions have, in most cases, chemical characteristics comparable to the elderberry juice and compote. However, extracts are much better source of anthocyanic and phenolic compounds than juice and compote.
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Antioxidative parameters of fruit model product.
KRATOCHVÍLOVÁ, Lenka
The content of the main components (anthocyanins, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, L-ascorbic acid, rutin, total polyphenols) was determined in the syrup of elderberries (Sambucus nigra L.) by spectrophotometry or high-performanceliquid chromatography. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of this syrup was determined using three methods: ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH. The measurement results were statistically processed and compared using correlation analysis, specifically using the Pearson correlation coefficient. It was found that the prepared product contains 2160 mg/kg anthocyanins, 201 mg/kg rutin, 26 mg/kg chlorogenic acid and 679 mg/l polyphenols. No free quercetin was found. The content of L-ascorbic acid in the original elderberries was relatively low and therefore for study purposes, the syrup was enriched with this substance in the amount of 0.5% (w/w) to study the connection of its content with other substances. It is clear from the statistical processing that the concentration of chlorogenic acid correlates with the antioxidant activity measured by the FRAP method and the concentration of polyphenols to the antioxidant activity measured by the DPPH method.
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Comparison of methods for determination the anthocyanins content in elderberries.
KRATOCHVÍLOVÁ, Lenka
The content of anthocyanins in elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) was determined by three methods: the method described in the Czech Pharmacopoeia 2017 and its Appendix 2019, the pH differential method, which was used in the bachelor thesis of Bc. Kateina Javorská and the calibration method, which was used in the bachelor thesis of Bc. Markéta Matějková. The results of these methods and their comparison are summarized in this thesis. According to the results, the most suitable method to determine the content of anthocyanins in elderberry is the pharmacopoeia method. This method showed the highest anthocyanin content, which at the same time corresponded the most with the literature. In the pharmacopoeia method, the anthocyanins content was recalculated to the majority of cyanidine-3-glucoside.
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Possibility of further use of elderberry marc
Sedláčková, Lucie ; Pořízka, Jaromír (referee) ; Vespalcová, Milena (advisor)
This Diploma thesis talks about the production of concentrates and lyophilisate from the extract of elderberry moldlings (elderberry, Sambuvus nigra L.) and by determination by chosen chemical characteristics of these products. The theoretical part includes the botanical characteristics of the plant species Sambucus nigra L. Next is the part that is dedicated to biologicaly active substances found in elderberry and it‘s possible usage in the food industry. Next is the part where the extraction, purification and indentification of anthocyanic dyes are described. In the next part is the analyrical method HPLC described, including the description of instrumentation. The last part talks about the description of the used methods: methods for the concentration of the extract, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, determination of phenolic compounds, determination of dry matter, determination of active acidity and the overall titrating acidity. The experimental part contained the optimalization of the process of producing the extract from elderberry moldings. The extract obtained was then concentrated for preservation and characterization purposes based on selected chemical properties. The total content of anthocyanin dyes was chosen as a quality parameter. The most suitable process for the preparation of the extract was chosen to be the ratio of moldings and solvent 1:2, 4 (m/V). The most suitable solvent was chosen to be a mixture of water and ethanol in a ratio of 1:1 (V/V). According to the needs of the submitter, an extract with the use of water as the extraction agent is also provided. The prepared extract was then concentrated on a vacuum evaporator or lyophilized for storage purposes. The dye degradation while using the evaporator was the lowest in a 40 ° C water bath. The final products were characterized by the determination of soluble solids, pH, titration acidity, total phenolic compounds and total anthocyanin dyes. The anthocyanin pigments contained identified by liquid chromatography are: cyanidine-3-sambubioside, cyanidine-3-glucoside, cyanidine-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, and cyanidine-3,5-diglucoside The total content of anthocyanins in the concentrate was determined to be equivalent to cyanidine-3-glucoside at 2.8 gl-1 and in the lyophilisate 2.5 gl-1.
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Bioactive substances contained in elderberry pomace
Šimšová, Veronika ; Diviš, Pavel (referee) ; Vespalcová, Milena (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the determination of selected chemical characteristics in the elderberry juice, compote and in the extracts of elderberry marc. The theoretical part describes the botanical characteristics of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) including its occurrence, the possibility of utilization of individual parts of the plant in the food industry and in the healing therapies and chemical composition of the berries. The biggest attention is given to the bioactive compounds contained in these fruits. The second chapter deals with the dry matter and the methods of its determination. The last chapter of the theoretical part describes vitamin C, its importance for the human organism and manual methods for determination of vitamin C. Among the selected chemical characteristics, set out in the experimental part, was the determination of reducing sugars by gravimetric method and Berthrand method, titratable acids, total anthocyanins by pH-differential method, total phenolic compounds by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and determination of the dry matter by drying and refractometric method. Analyzes have proven that extracts made of elderberry marc under suitable conditions have, in most cases, chemical characteristics comparable to the elderberry juice and compote. However, extracts are much better source of anthocyanic and phenolic compounds than juice and compote.
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Study of extraction of the biologically active substances from elderberry marc
Lošková, Tereza ; Diviš, Pavel (referee) ; Vespalcová, Milena (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the determining of anthocyanin pigments in the extracts of elderberry marc (Sambucus nigra L.). The theoretical part is divided into four main chapters. In the first chapter there is botanical characteristics of elderberry, its origin and occurrence, chemical composition and the possibilities of usage in a food industry. The second part is devoted to characterization of phenolic compounds in berry fruits. Bigger attention is given to anthocyanin dyes, its occurrence, properties, health and antioxidant effects and the possibilities of usage in food industry. The third chapter is devoted to methods of determination of discussed dyes and phenolic compounds. The fourth chapter deals with the possibilities of disruption of plant cell walls. In the experimental part a series of elderberry marc's extraction was made. The purpose was to optimize the extraction course and to get the highest yield of dyes in an economically and operationally acceptable way. Time dependence of extractions was studied and a kind of extraction solvent and a ratio of its components were optimized. Distilled water or its mixture with ethanol was used as a solvent. During the water extraction the temperatures 25 °C and 50 °C were maintained and with the higher temperature the higher yields were obtained. Apart from this another supporting components as cellulolytic enzyme, ultrasound or shaker were used. The most effective method of extraction proved to be the extraction by the mixture water-ethanol (50:50) in the volume 80 mL. The total anthocyanins yield of this extraction was, expressed as cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent, 914,4 ± 3,8 mg100 g-1 dry weight after 10 hours and the total phenolics yield was, expressed as gallic acid equivalent, 1957,0 ± 9,9 mg100 g-1 dry weight at the same time. The usage of ultrasound increased the efficiency of the extraction by water at 50 °C by 12 %. On the contrary, the usage of cellulolytic enzyme didn't increase the anthocyanin yield, because the enzyme was inactive.
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Anthocyan pigments in selected fruits
Peprná, Tereza ; Vítová, Eva (referee) ; Vespalcová, Milena (advisor)
This diploma thesis is concerned with determination anthocyanins dyes in elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). In theoretical part there is described general characterization of the plant, its chemical composition, short view of elderberry breeding and possibilities of usage in food and medical industry. Bigger attention is paid to anthocyanins dyes. There is described their characterization, occurrence, factors that have an impact on their stability. Biosynhesis of the pigments and metabolism, benefit effects and their usage in food chemistry are then shortly sumarized. Methods of determination of anthocyanins are discused too. Next chapter deals with high performance liquid chromatography. At the end of theoretical part, there is sumarized findings of anthocyan dyes analysis by expert scientists in various matrix. In experimental part, total of 16 species of elderberry were analyzed. These species are from research and breeding institute of pomology in Holovousy. The dyes were identification and quantification by high performace liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector. Detection wavelenght was 520 nm. Gradient of mobile phase was optimilized because of shortening analyses time and resolution improvement. Four dyes were identified by HPLC: cyanidin-3-sambubioside, cyanidin-3-glukoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglukoside a cyanidin-3-sambubioside-5-glukoside. Total amount of anthocyanins ranged from 33627167,0 to 5525284,0 mAU•min-1. The most anthocyanins dyes were determined in Mammut species (33627167,0 mAU•min-1), the lowest amount was measured in Aurea species (5525284,0 mAU•min-1). The most abundant anthocyanin in all species of eldeberry fruit except Haschebrg and Aurea species was cyanidin-3-sambubioside. The concentrations of cynidin-3-glucoside in all of the berries were quantified using regression equation of calibration curve. Mammut species had the most amount of this anthocyan (0,486 mg•ml-1) and the lowest amount had Aurea species (0,033 mg•ml-1).
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